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Esther Inglis
Esther Inglis (1571–1624) was a skilled member of the artisan class, as well as a miniaturist, who possessed several skills in areas such as calligraphy, writing, and embroidering. She was born in 1571 in either London〔Frye, Susan. 2010. "Chapter Two: Miniatures and Manuscripts: Levina Teerlinc, Jane Segar, and Esther Inglis as Professional Artisans." Pens and Needles Women's Textualities in Early Modern England. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania. p. 103. Retrieved 6 December 2014〕 or in Dieppe〔Ross, Sarah G. 2009. "Esther Inglis: Linguist, Calligrapher, Miniaturist, and Christian Humanist." Early Modern Women and Transnational Communities of Letters. By Julie D. Campbell and Anne R. Larsen. Farnham, England: Ashgate. p. 159. Retrieved 6 December 2014〕 and was later relocated to Scotland, where she was later raised and married. Sharing similarities with Jane Segar, Inglis always signed her work and frequently included self-portraits of herself in the act of writing.〔Frye, Susan. 2010. "Chapter Two: Miniatures and Manuscripts: Levina Teerlinc, Jane Segar, and Esther Inglis as Professional Artisans." Pens and Needles Women's Textualities in Early Modern England. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania. p. 76. Retrieved 6 December 2014〕 However, unlike Jane Segar, Inglis successfully established a career based on manuscript books created for royal patrons.〔Frye, Susan. 2010. "Chapter Two: Miniatures and Manuscripts: Levina Teerlinc, Jane Segar, and Esther Inglis as Professional Artisans." Pens and Needles Women's Textualities in Early Modern England. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania. p. 102. Retrieved 6 December 2014〕 Over the course of her life, Inglis composed around sixty miniature books that display her calligraphic skill with paintings, portraits, and embroidered covers. She mostly dedicated her books to the monarchs, Elizabeth I and James VI and I, and people in power during their reign.〔 She died around 1624, at the age of 53.
== Early life ==
Inglis was born to Nicholas Langlois and Marie Pressot in 1571. Langlois was a schoolteacher who later became Master of the French School in Edinburgh, and Pressot partook as a skilled calligrapher.〔Ziegler, Georgianna. 2000. "Hand-Mai()de Books: The Manuscripts of Esther Inglis, Early-Modern Precursors of the Artists' Book." English Manuscript Studies 1100–1700. p. 74. Retrieved 6 December 2014〕 Both of her parents hailed from France, though it is uncertain as to when they moved to Edinburgh, Scotland. Some sources claim they moved around 1569 after fleeing from France as Protestant refugees,〔 while others claim it was not until after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre around 1574.〔Ross, Sarah G. 2009. "Esther Inglis: Linguist, Calligrapher, Miniaturist, and Christian Humanist." Early Modern Women and Transnational Communities of Letters. By Julie D. Campbell and Anne R. Larsen. Farnham, England: Ashgate. p. 160. Retrieved 6 December 2014〕 Some sources also claim that Langlois became Master of the French School in Edinburgh in 1574, 〔 while others claim it was not until around 1580. 〔
Langlois taught both oral and written forms of French, as well as scribal handwriting,〔 upon which he received a lifetime annuity from King James VI after becoming Master of the French School in Edinburg.〔 Due to his knowledge and profession as a teacher, it is suspected that Inglis was educated by her father in the humanities. Also, due to her mother’s skills in calligraphy, it is almost certain that Inglis learned her calligraphic skills from her. Though there is no written evidence, Inglis acknowledged her debt to her parents in one of her earliest manuscripts, ''Livret contenant diverses sortes de lettres'', where she says: “Both parents having bidden me, a daughter has written, breaking the tedium of exile with her pen.”.〔
Inglis was very fortunate to not only have knowledgeable and skilful parents to teach her and offer her such an advanced education, but also a father to assist her with her work. Though this was still not entirely the norm, it was not thought of as rare, as there were other early-modern women during this time period who were educated through this form of advanced home schooling. Before Inglis’s time, the Morel household in France had drawn widespread admiration as an enclave of humanists, headed by diplomat and royal tutor Jean de Morel and the poet Antoinette de Loynes.〔Ross, Sarah G. 2009. "Esther Inglis: Linguist, Calligrapher, Miniaturist, and Christian Humanist." Early Modern Women and Transnational Communities of Letters. By Julie D. Campbell and Anne R. Larsen. Farnham, England: Ashgate. p. 161. Retrieved 6 December 2014〕
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